Page#

Class representing a document page. A page object is created by Document.load_page() or, equivalently, via indexing the document like doc[n] - it has no independent constructor.

There is a parent-child relationship between a document and its pages. If the document is closed or deleted, all page objects (and their respective children, too) in existence will become unusable (“orphaned”): If a page property or method is being used, an exception is raised.

Several page methods have a Document counterpart for convenience. At the end of this chapter you will find a synopsis.

Note

Many times in this chapter we are using the term coordinate. It is of high importance to have at least a basic understanding of what that is and that you feel comfortable with the section Coordinates.

Modifying Pages#

Changing page properties and adding or changing page content is available for PDF documents only.

In a nutshell, this is what you can do with PyMuPDF:

Modify page rotation and the visible part (“cropbox”) of the page.
Insert images, other PDF pages, text and simple geometrical objects.
Add annotations and form fields.

Note

Methods require coordinates (points, rectangles) to put content in desired places. Please be aware that these coordinates must always be provided relative to the unrotated page (since v1.17.0). The reverse is also true: except Page.rect, resp. Page.bound() (both reflect when the page is rotated), all coordinates returned by methods and attributes pertain to the unrotated page.

So the returned value of e.g. Page.get_image_bbox() will not change if you do a Page.set_rotation(). The same is true for coordinates returned by Page.get_text(), annotation rectangles, and so on. If you want to find out, where an object is located in rotated coordinates, multiply the coordinates with Page.rotation_matrix. There also is its inverse, Page.derotation_matrix, which you can use when interfacing with other readers, which may behave differently in this respect.

Note

If you add or update annotations, links or form fields on the page and immediately afterwards need to work with them (i.e. without leaving the page), you should reload the page using Document.reload_page() before referring to these new or updated items.

Reloading the page is generally recommended – although not strictly required in all cases. However, some annotation and widget types have extended features in PyMuPDF compared to MuPDF. More of these extensions may also be added in the future.

Releoading the page ensures all your changes have been fully applied to PDF structures, so you can safely create Pixmaps or successfully iterate over annotations, links and form fields.

Method / Attribute	Short Description
`Page.add_caret_annot()`	PDF only: add a caret annotation
`Page.add_circle_annot()`	PDF only: add a circle annotation
`Page.add_file_annot()`	PDF only: add a file attachment annotation
`Page.add_freetext_annot()`	PDF only: add a text annotation
`Page.add_highlight_annot()`	PDF only: add a “highlight” annotation
`Page.add_ink_annot()`	PDF only: add an ink annotation
`Page.add_line_annot()`	PDF only: add a line annotation
`Page.add_polygon_annot()`	PDF only: add a polygon annotation
`Page.add_polyline_annot()`	PDF only: add a multi-line annotation
`Page.add_rect_annot()`	PDF only: add a rectangle annotation
`Page.add_redact_annot()`	PDF only: add a redaction annotation
`Page.add_squiggly_annot()`	PDF only: add a “squiggly” annotation
`Page.add_stamp_annot()`	PDF only: add a “rubber stamp” annotation
`Page.add_strikeout_annot()`	PDF only: add a “strike-out” annotation
`Page.add_text_annot()`	PDF only: add a comment
`Page.add_underline_annot()`	PDF only: add an “underline” annotation
`Page.add_widget()`	PDF only: add a PDF Form field
`Page.annot_names()`	PDF only: a list of annotation (and widget) names
`Page.annot_xrefs()`	PDF only: a list of annotation (and widget) xrefs
`Page.annots()`	return a generator over the annots on the page
`Page.apply_redactions()`	PDF only: process the redactions of the page
`Page.bound()`	rectangle of the page
`Page.cluster_drawings()`	PDF only: bounding boxes of vector graphics
`Page.delete_annot()`	PDF only: delete an annotation
`Page.delete_image()`	PDF only: delete an image
`Page.delete_link()`	PDF only: delete a link
`Page.delete_widget()`	PDF only: delete a widget / field
`Page.draw_bezier()`	PDF only: draw a cubic Bezier curve
`Page.draw_circle()`	PDF only: draw a circle
`Page.draw_curve()`	PDF only: draw a special Bezier curve
`Page.draw_line()`	PDF only: draw a line
`Page.draw_oval()`	PDF only: draw an oval / ellipse
`Page.draw_polyline()`	PDF only: connect a point sequence
`Page.draw_quad()`	PDF only: draw a quad
`Page.draw_rect()`	PDF only: draw a rectangle
`Page.draw_sector()`	PDF only: draw a circular sector
`Page.draw_squiggle()`	PDF only: draw a squiggly line
`Page.draw_zigzag()`	PDF only: draw a zig-zagged line
`Page.find_tables()`	locate tables on the page
`Page.get_drawings()`	get vector graphics on page
`Page.get_fonts()`	PDF only: get list of referenced fonts
`Page.get_image_bbox()`	PDF only: get bbox and matrix of embedded image
`Page.get_image_info()`	get list of meta information for all used images
`Page.get_image_rects()`	PDF only: improved version of `Page.get_image_bbox()`
`Page.get_images()`	PDF only: get list of referenced images
`Page.get_label()`	PDF only: return the label of the page
`Page.get_links()`	get all links
`Page.get_pixmap()`	create a page image in raster format
`Page.get_svg_image()`	create a page image in SVG format
`Page.get_text()`	extract the page’s text
`Page.get_textbox()`	extract text contained in a rectangle
`Page.get_textpage_ocr()`	create a TextPage with OCR for the page
`Page.get_textpage()`	create a TextPage for the page
`Page.get_xobjects()`	PDF only: get list of referenced xobjects
`Page.insert_font()`	PDF only: insert a font for use by the page
`Page.insert_image()`	PDF only: insert an image
`Page.insert_link()`	PDF only: insert a link
`Page.insert_text()`	PDF only: insert text
`Page.insert_htmlbox()`	PDF only: insert html text in a rectangle
`Page.insert_textbox()`	PDF only: insert a text box
`Page.links()`	return a generator of the links on the page
`Page.load_annot()`	PDF only: load a specific annotation
`Page.load_widget()`	PDF only: load a specific field
`Page.load_links()`	return the first link on a page
`Page.new_shape()`	PDF only: create a new Shape
`Page.remove_rotation()`	PDF only: set page rotation to 0
`Page.replace_image()`	PDF only: replace an image
`Page.search_for()`	search for a string
`Page.set_artbox()`	PDF only: modify `/ArtBox`
`Page.set_bleedbox()`	PDF only: modify `/BleedBox`
`Page.set_cropbox()`	PDF only: modify the `cropbox` (visible page)
`Page.set_mediabox()`	PDF only: modify `/MediaBox`
`Page.set_rotation()`	PDF only: set page rotation
`Page.set_trimbox()`	PDF only: modify `/TrimBox`
`Page.show_pdf_page()`	PDF only: display PDF page image
`Page.update_link()`	PDF only: modify a link
`Page.widgets()`	return a generator over the fields on the page
`Page.write_text()`	write one or more TextWriter objects
`Page.cropbox_position`	displacement of the `cropbox`
`Page.cropbox`	the page’s `cropbox`
`Page.artbox`	the page’s `/ArtBox`
`Page.bleedbox`	the page’s `/BleedBox`
`Page.trimbox`	the page’s `/TrimBox`
`Page.derotation_matrix`	PDF only: get coordinates in unrotated page space
`Page.first_annot`	first Annot on the page
`Page.first_link`	first Link on the page
`Page.first_widget`	first widget (form field) on the page
`Page.mediabox_size`	bottom-right point of `mediabox`
`Page.mediabox`	the page’s `mediabox`
`Page.number`	page number
`Page.parent`	owning document object
`Page.rect`	rectangle of the page
`Page.rotation_matrix`	PDF only: get coordinates in rotated page space
`Page.rotation`	PDF only: page rotation
`Page.transformation_matrix`	PDF only: translate between PDF and MuPDF space
`Page.xref`	PDF only: page `xref`

Class API

class Page#

bound()#

Determine the rectangle of the page. Same as property Page.rect. For PDF documents this usually also coincides with mediabox and cropbox, but not always. For example, if the page is rotated, then this is reflected by this method – the Page.cropbox however will not change.

Return type:: Rect

add_caret_annot(point)#

PDF only: Add a caret icon. A caret annotation is a visual symbol normally used to indicate the presence of text edits on the page.

Parameters:: point (point_like) – the top left point of a 20 x 20 rectangle containing the MuPDF-provided icon.
Return type:: Annot
Returns:: the created annotation. Stroke color blue = (0, 0, 1), no fill color support.

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.0

add_text_annot(point, text, icon='Note')#

PDF only: Add a comment icon (“sticky note”) with accompanying text. Only the icon is visible, the accompanying text is hidden and can be visualized by many PDF viewers by hovering the mouse over the symbol.

Parameters:

point (point_like) – the top left point of a 20 x 20 rectangle containing the MuPDF-provided “note” icon.
text (str) – the commentary text. This will be shown on double clicking or hovering over the icon. May contain any Latin characters.
icon (str) – choose one of “Note” (default), “Comment”, “Help”, “Insert”, “Key”, “NewParagraph”, “Paragraph” as the visual symbol for the embodied text [4]. (New in v1.16.0)

Return type:

Annot

Returns:

the created annotation. Stroke color yellow = (1, 1, 0), no fill color support.

add_freetext_annot(rect, text, fontsize=12, fontname='helv', border_color=None, text_color=0, fill_color=1, rotate=0, align=TEXT_ALIGN_LEFT)#

PDF only: Add text in a given rectangle.

Parameters:

rect (rect_like) – the rectangle into which the text should be inserted. Text is automatically wrapped to a new line at box width. Lines not fitting into the box will be invisible.
text (str) – the text. May contain any mixture of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters. The respective required font is automatically determined. (New in v1.17.0)
fontsize (float) – the fontsize. Default is 12.
fontname (str) – the font name. Default is “Helv”. Accepted alternatives are “Cour”, “TiRo”, “ZaDb” and “Symb”. The name may be abbreviated to the first two characters, like “Co” for “Cour”. Lower case is also accepted. Bold or italic variants of the fonts are not accepted (changed in v1.16.0). A user-contributed script provides a circumvention for this restriction – see section Using Buttons and JavaScript in chapter FAQ. The actual font to use is now determined on a by-character level, and all required fonts (or sub-fonts) are automatically included. Therefore, you should rarely ever need to care about this parameter and let it default (except you insist on a serifed font for your non-CJK text parts). (New in v1.17.0)
text_color (sequence,float) – the text color. Default is black. (New in v1.16.0)
fill_color (sequence,float) – the fill color. Default is white. (New in v1.16.0)
text_color – the text color. Default is black.
border_color (sequence,float) – the border color. Default is None. (New in v1.19.6)
align (int) – text alignment, one of TEXT_ALIGN_LEFT, TEXT_ALIGN_CENTER, TEXT_ALIGN_RIGHT - justify is not supported. (New in v1.17.0)
rotate (int) – the text orientation. Accepted values are 0, 90, 270, invalid entries are set to zero.

Return type:

Annot

Returns:

the created annotation. Color properties can only be changed using special parameters of Annot.update(). There, you can also set a border color different from the text color.

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.19.6: add border color parameter

add_file_annot(pos, buffer, filename, ufilename=None, desc=None, icon='PushPin')#

PDF only: Add a file attachment annotation with a “PushPin” icon at the specified location.

Parameters:

pos (point_like) – the top-left point of a 18x18 rectangle containing the MuPDF-provided “PushPin” icon.
buffer (bytes,bytearray,BytesIO) –
the data to be stored (actual file content, any data, etc.).

Changed in v1.14.13: io.BytesIO is now also supported.
filename (str) – the filename to associate with the data.
ufilename (str) – the optional PDF unicode version of filename. Defaults to filename.
desc (str) – an optional description of the file. Defaults to filename.
icon (str) – choose one of “PushPin” (default), “Graph”, “Paperclip”, “Tag” as the visual symbol for the attached data [4]. (New in v1.16.0)

Return type:

Annot

Returns:

the created annotation. Stroke color yellow = (1, 1, 0), no fill color support.

add_ink_annot(list)#

PDF only: Add a “freehand” scribble annotation.

Parameters:: list (sequence) – a list of one or more lists, each containing point_like items. Each item in these sublists is interpreted as a Point through which a connecting line is drawn. Separate sublists thus represent separate drawing lines.
Return type:: Annot
Returns:: the created annotation in default appearance black =(0, 0, 0),line width 1. No fill color support.

add_line_annot(p1, p2)#

PDF only: Add a line annotation.

Parameters:

p1 (point_like) – the starting point of the line.
p2 (point_like) – the end point of the line.

Return type:

Annot

Returns:

the created annotation. It is drawn with line (stroke) color red = (1, 0, 0) and line width 1. No fill color support. The annot rectangle is automatically created to contain both points, each one surrounded by a circle of radius 3 * line width to make room for any line end symbols.

add_rect_annot(rect)#

add_circle_annot(rect)#

PDF only: Add a rectangle, resp. circle annotation.

Parameters:: rect (rect_like) – the rectangle in which the circle or rectangle is drawn, must be finite and not empty. If the rectangle is not equal-sided, an ellipse is drawn.
Return type:: Annot
Returns:: the created annotation. It is drawn with line (stroke) color red = (1, 0, 0), line width 1, fill color is supported.

Redactions#

add_redact_annot(quad, text=None, fontname=None, fontsize=11, align=TEXT_ALIGN_LEFT, fill=(1, 1, 1), text_color=(0, 0, 0), cross_out=True)#

PDF only: Add a redaction annotation. A redaction annotation identifies content to be removed from the document. Adding such an annotation is the first of two steps. It makes visible what will be removed in the subsequent step, Page.apply_redactions().

Parameters:

quad (quad_like,rect_like) – specifies the (rectangular) area to be removed which is always equal to the annotation rectangle. This may be a rect_like or quad_like object. If a quad is specified, then the enveloping rectangle is taken.
text (str) – text to be placed in the rectangle after applying the redaction (and thus removing old content). (New in v1.16.12)
fontname (str) –
the font to use when text is given, otherwise ignored. The same rules apply as for Page.insert_textbox() – which is the method Page.apply_redactions() internally invokes. The replacement text will be vertically centered, if this is one of the CJK or PDF Base 14 Fonts. (New in v1.16.12)
Note
- For an existing font of the page, use its reference name as fontname (this is item[4] of its entry in Page.get_fonts()).
- For a new, non-builtin font, proceed as follows:
  page.insert_text(point, # anywhere, but outside all redaction rectangles "something", # some non-empty string fontname="newname", # new, unused reference name fontfile="...", # desired font file render_mode=3, # makes the text invisible ) page.add_redact_annot(..., fontname="newname")
fontsize (float) – the fontsize to use for the replacing text. If the text is too large to fit, several insertion attempts will be made, gradually reducing the fontsize to no less than 4. If then the text will still not fit, no text insertion will take place at all. (New in v1.16.12)
align (int) – the horizontal alignment for the replacing text. See insert_textbox() for available values. The vertical alignment is (approximately) centered if a PDF built-in font is used (CJK or PDF Base 14 Fonts). (New in v1.16.12)
fill (sequence) – the fill color of the rectangle after applying the redaction. The default is white = (1, 1, 1), which is also taken if None is specified. To suppress a fill color altogether, specify False. In this cases the rectangle remains transparent. (New in v1.16.12)
text_color (sequence) – the color of the replacing text. Default is black = (0, 0, 0). (New in v1.16.12)
cross_out (bool) – add two diagonal lines to the annotation rectangle. (New in v1.17.2)

Return type:

Annot

Returns:

the created annotation. Its standard appearance looks like a red rectangle (no fill color), optionally showing two diagonal lines. Colors, line width, dashing, opacity and blend mode can now be set and applied via Annot.update() like with other annotations. (Changed in v1.17.2)

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.11

apply_redactions(images=PDF_REDACT_IMAGE_PIXELS | 2, graphics=PDF_REDACT_LINE_ART_IF_TOUCHED | 2, text=PDF_REDACT_TEXT_REMOVE | 0)#

PDF only: Remove all content contained in any redaction rectangle on the page.

This method applies and then deletes all redactions from the page.

Parameters:

images (int) – How to redact overlapping images. The default (2) blanks out overlapping pixels. PDF_REDACT_IMAGE_NONE | 0 ignores, and PDF_REDACT_IMAGE_REMOVE | 1 completely removes images overlapping any redaction annotation. Option PDF_REDACT_IMAGE_REMOVE_UNLESS_INVISIBLE | 3 only removes images that are actually visible.
graphics (int) – How to redact overlapping vector graphics (also called “line-art” or “drawings”). The default (2) removes any overlapping vector graphics. PDF_REDACT_LINE_ART_NONE | 0 ignores, and PDF_REDACT_LINE_ART_IF_COVERED | 1 removes graphics fully contained in a redaction annotation. When removing line-art, please be aware that stroked vector graphics (i.e. type “s” or “sf”) have a larger wrapping rectangle than one might expect: first of all, at least 50% of the path’s line width have to be added in each direction to truly include all of the drawing. If a so-called “miter limit” is provided (see page 121 of the PDF specification), the enlarging value is miter * width / 2. So, when letting everything default (width = 1, miter = 10), the redaction rectangle should be at least 5 points larger in every direction.
text (int) – Whether to redact overlapping text. The default PDF_REDACT_TEXT_REMOVE | 0 removes all characters whose boundary box overlaps any redaction rectangle. This complies with the original legal / data protection intentions of redaction annotations. Other use cases however may require to keep text while redacting vector graphics or images. This can be achieved by setting text=True|PDF_REDACT_TEXT_NONE | 1. This does not comply with the data protection intentions of redaction annotations. Do so at your own risk.

Returns:

True if at least one redaction annotation has been processed, False otherwise.

Note

Text contained in a redaction rectangle will be physically removed from the page (assuming Document.save() with a suitable garbage option) and will no longer appear in e.g. text extractions or anywhere else. All redaction annotations will also be removed. Other annotations are unaffected.
All overlapping links will be removed. If the rectangle of the link was covering text, then only the overlapping part of the text is being removed. Similar applies to images covered by link rectangles.
The overlapping parts of images will be blanked-out for default option PDF_REDACT_IMAGE_PIXELS (changed in v1.18.0). Option 0 does not touch any images and 1 will remove any image with an overlap.
For option images=PDF_REDACT_IMAGE_REMOVE only this page’s references to the images are removed - not necessarily the images themselves. Images are completely removed from the file only, if no longer referenced at all (assuming suitable garbage collection options).
For option images=PDF_REDACT_IMAGE_PIXELS a new image of format PNG is created, which the page will use in place of the original one. The original image is not deleted or replaced as part of this process, so other pages may still show the original. In addition, the new, modified PNG image currently is stored uncompressed. Do keep these aspects in mind when choosing the right garbage collection method and compression options during save.
Text removal is done by character: A character is removed if its bbox has a non-empty overlap with a redaction rectangle (changed in MuPDF v1.17). Depending on the font properties and / or the chosen line height, deletion may occur for undesired text parts. Using Tools.set_small_glyph_heights() with a True argument before text search may help to prevent this.
Redactions are a simple way to replace single words in a PDF, or to just physically remove them. Locate the word “secret” using some text extraction or search method and insert a redaction using “xxxxxx” as replacement text for each occurrence.
- Be wary if the replacement is longer than the original – this may lead to an awkward appearance, line breaks or no new text at all.
- For a number of reasons, the new text may not exactly be positioned on the same line like the old one – especially true if the replacement font was not one of CJK or PDF Base 14 Fonts.

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.11
Changed in v1.16.12: The previous mark parameter is gone. Instead, the respective rectangles are filled with the individual fill color of each redaction annotation. If a text was given in the annotation, then insert_textbox() is invoked to insert it, using parameters provided with the redaction.
Changed in v1.18.0: added option for handling images that overlap redaction areas.
Changed in v1.23.27: added option for removing graphics as well.
Changed in v1.24.2: added option keep_text to leave text untouched.

add_polyline_annot(points)#

add_polygon_annot(points)#

PDF only: Add an annotation consisting of lines which connect the given points. A Polygon’s first and last points are automatically connected, which does not happen for a PolyLine. The rectangle is automatically created as the smallest rectangle containing the points, each one surrounded by a circle of radius 3 (= 3 * line width). The following shows a ‘PolyLine’ that has been modified with colors and line ends.

Parameters:: points (list) – a list of point_like objects.
Return type:: Annot
Returns:: the created annotation. It is drawn with line color black, line width 1 no fill color but fill color support. Use methods of Annot to make any changes to achieve something like this:

add_underline_annot(quads=None, start=None, stop=None, clip=None)#

add_strikeout_annot(quads=None, start=None, stop=None, clip=None)#

add_squiggly_annot(quads=None, start=None, stop=None, clip=None)#

add_highlight_annot(quads=None, start=None, stop=None, clip=None)#

PDF only: These annotations are normally used for marking text which has previously been somehow located (for example via Page.search_for()). But this is not required: you are free to “mark” just anything.

Standard (stroke only – no fill color support) colors are chosen per annotation type: yellow for highlighting, red for striking out, green for underlining, and magenta for wavy underlining.

All these four methods convert the arguments into a list of Quad objects. The annotation rectangle is then calculated to envelop all these quadrilaterals.

Note

search_for() delivers a list of either Rect or Quad objects. Such a list can be directly used as an argument for these annotation types and will deliver one common annotation for all occurrences of the search string:

>>> # prefer quads=True in text searching for annotations!
>>> quads = page.search_for("pymupdf", quads=True)
>>> page.add_highlight_annot(quads)

Note

Obviously, text marker annotations need to know what is the top, the bottom, the left, and the right side of the area(s) to be marked. If the arguments are quads, this information is given by the sequence of the quad points. In contrast, a rectangle delivers much less information – this is illustrated by the fact, that 4! = 24 different quads can be constructed with the four corners of a rectangle.

Therefore, we strongly recommend to use the quads option for text searches, to ensure correct annotations. A similar consideration applies to marking text spans extracted with the “dict” / “rawdict” options of Page.get_text(). For more details on how to compute quadrilaterals in this case, see section “How to Mark Non-horizontal Text” of FAQ.

Parameters:

quads (rect_like,quad_like,list,tuple) – the location(s) – rectangle(s) or quad(s) – to be marked. (Changed in v1.14.20) A list or tuple must consist of rect_like or quad_like items (or even a mixture of either). Every item must be finite, convex and not empty (as applicable). Set this parameter to None if you want to use the following arguments (Changed in v1.16.14). And vice versa: if not None, the remaining parameters must be None.
start (point_like) – start text marking at this point. Defaults to the top-left point of clip. Must be provided if quads is None. (New in v1.16.14)
stop (point_like) – stop text marking at this point. Defaults to the bottom-right point of clip. Must be used if quads is None. (New in v1.16.14)
clip (rect_like) – only consider text lines intersecting this area. Defaults to the page rectangle. Only use if start and stop are provided. (New in v1.16.14)

Return type:

Annot or None (changed in v1.16.14).

Returns:

the created annotation. If quads is an empty list, no annotation is created (changed in v1.16.14).

Note

You can use parameters start, stop and clip to highlight consecutive lines between the points start and stop (starting with v1.16.14). Make use of clip to further reduce the selected line bboxes and thus deal with e.g. multi-column pages. The following multi-line highlight on a page with three text columns was created by specifying the two red points and setting clip accordingly.

cluster_drawings(clip=None, drawings=None, x_tolerance=3, y_tolerance=3)#

Cluster vector graphics (synonyms are line-art or drawings) based on their geometrical vicinity. The method walks through the output of Page.get_drawings() and joins paths whose path["rect"] are closer to each other than some tolerance values (given in the arguments). The result is a list of rectangles that each wrap things like tables (with gridlines), pie charts, bar charts, etc.

Parameters:

clip (rect_like) – only consider paths inside this area. The default is the full page.
drawings (list) – (optional) provide a previously generated output of Page.get_drawings(). If None the method will execute the method.
x_tolerance (float) –

find_tables(clip=None, strategy=None, vertical_strategy=None, horizontal_strategy=None, vertical_lines=None, horizontal_lines=None, snap_tolerance=None, snap_x_tolerance=None, snap_y_tolerance=None, join_tolerance=None, join_x_tolerance=None, join_y_tolerance=None, edge_min_length=3, min_words_vertical=3, min_words_horizontal=1, intersection_tolerance=None, intersection_x_tolerance=None, intersection_y_tolerance=None, text_tolerance=None, text_x_tolerance=None, text_y_tolerance=None, add_lines=None)#

Find tables on the page and return an object with related information. Typically, the default values of the many parameters will be sufficient. Adjustments should ever only be needed in corner case situations.

Parameters:

clip (rect_like) – specify a region to consider within the page rectangle and ignore the rest. Default is the full page.
strategy (str) –
Request a table detection strategy. Valid values are “lines”, “lines_strict” and “text”.

Default is “lines” which uses all vector graphics on the page to detect grid lines.

Strategy “lines_strict” ignores borderless rectangle vector graphics. Sometimes single text pieces have background colors which may lead to false columns or lines. This strategy ignores them and can thus increase detection precision.

If “text” is specified, text positions are used to generate “virtual” column and / or row boundaries. Use min_words_* to request the number of words for considering their coordinates.

Use parameters vertical_strategy and horizontal_strategy instead for a more fine-grained treatment of the dimensions.
horizontal_lines (sequence[floats]) – y-coordinates of rows. If provided, there will be no attempt to identify additional table rows. This influences table detection.
vertical_lines (sequence[floats]) – x-coordinates of columns. If provided, there will be no attempt to identify additional table columns. This influences table detection.
min_words_vertical (int) – relevant for vertical strategy option “text”: at least this many words must coincide to establish a virtual column boundary.
min_words_horizontal (int) – relevant for horizontal strategy option “text”: at least this many words must coincide to establish a virtual row boundary.
snap_tolerance (float) – Any two horizontal lines whose y-values differ by no more than this value will be snapped into one. Accordingly for vertical lines. Default is 3. Separate values can be specified instead for the dimensions, using snap_x_tolerance and snap_y_tolerance.
join_tolerance (float) – Any two lines will be joined to one if the end and the start points differ by no more than this value (in points). Default is 3. Instead of this value, separate values can be specified for the dimensions using join_x_tolerance and join_y_tolerance.
edge_min_length (float) – Ignore a line if its length does not exceed this value (points). Default is 3.
intersection_tolerance (float) – When combining lines into cell borders, orthogonal lines must be within this value (points) to be considered intersecting. Default is 3. Instead of this value, separate values can be specified for the dimensions using intersection_x_tolerance and intersection_y_tolerance.
text_tolerance (float) – Characters will be combined into words only if their distance is no larger than this value (points). Default is 3. Instead of this value, separate values can be specified for the dimensions using text_x_tolerance and text_y_tolerance.
add_lines (tuple,list) – Specify a list of “lines” (i.e. pairs of point_like objects) as additional, “virtual” vector graphics. These lines may help with table and / or cell detection and will not otherwise influence the detection strategy. Especially, in contrast to parameters horizontal_lines and vertical_lines, they will not prevent detecting rows or columns in other ways. These lines will be treated exactly like “real” vector graphics in terms of joining, snapping, intersectiing, minimum length and containment in the clip rectangle. Similarly, lines not parallel to any of the coordinate axes will be ignored.

Returns:

a TableFinder object that has the following significant attributes:

cells: a list of all bboxes on the page, that have been identified as table cells (across all tables). Each cell is a rect_like tuple (x0, y0, x1, y1) of coordinates or None.
tables: a list of Table objects. This is [] if the page has no tables. Single tables can be found as items of this list. But the TableFinder object itself is also a sequence of its tables. This means that if tabs is a TableFinder object, then table “n” is delivered by tabs.tables[n] as well as by the shorter tabs[n].
The Table object has the following attributes:
- bbox: the bounding box of the table as a tuple (x0, y0, x1, y1).
- cells: bounding boxes of the table’s cells (list of tuples). A cell may also be None.
- extract(): this method returns the text content of each table cell as a list of list of strings.
- to_markdown(): this method returns the table as a string in markdown format (compatible to Github). Supporting viewers can render the string as a table. This output is optimized for small token sizes, which is especially beneficial for LLM/RAG feeds. Pandas DataFrames (see method to_pandas() below) offer an equivalent markdown table output which however is better readable for the human eye.
- to_pandas(): this method returns the table as a pandas DataFrame. DataFrames are very versatile objects allowing a plethora of table manipulation methods and outputs to almost 20 well-known formats, among them Excel files, CSV, JSON, markdown-formatted tables and more. DataFrame.to_markdown() generates a Github-compatible markdown format optimized for human readability. This method however requires the package [tablutate](https://pypi.org/project/tabulate/) to installed in addition to pandas itself.
- header: a TableHeader object containing header information of the table.
- col_count: an integer containing the number of table columns.
- row_count: an integer containing the number of table rows.
- rows: a list of TableRow objects containing two attributes, bbox is the boundary box of the row, and cells is a list of table cells contained in this row.
The TableHeader object has the following attributes:
- bbox: the bounding box of the header.
- cells: a list of bounding boxes containing the name of the respective column.
- names: a list of strings containing the text of each of the cell bboxes. They represent the column names – which are used when exporting the table to pandas DataFrames, markdown, etc.
- external: a bool indicating whether the header bbox is outside the table body (True) or not. Table headers are never identified by the TableFinder logic. Therefore, if external is true, then the header cells are not part of any cell identified by TableFinder. If external == False, then the first table row is the header.

Please have a look at these Jupyter notebooks, which cover standard situations like multiple tables on one page or joining table fragments across multiple pages.

Show/hide history

New in version 1.23.0
Changed in version 1.23.19: new argument add_lines.

Important

There is also the pdf2docx extract tables method which is capable of table extraction if you prefer.

add_stamp_annot(rect, stamp=0)#

PDF only: Add a “rubber stamp” like annotation to e.g. indicate the document’s intended use (“DRAFT”, “CONFIDENTIAL”, etc.).

Parameters:

rect (rect_like) – rectangle where to place the annotation.
stamp (int) – id number of the stamp text. For available stamps see Stamp Annotation Icons.

Note

The stamp’s text and its border line will automatically be sized and be put horizontally and vertically centered in the given rectangle. Annot.rect is automatically calculated to fit the given width and will usually be smaller than this parameter.
The font chosen is “Times Bold” and the text will be upper case.
The appearance can be changed using Annot.set_opacity() and by setting the “stroke” color (no “fill” color supported).
This can be used to create watermark images: on a temporary PDF page create a stamp annotation with a low opacity value, make a pixmap from it with alpha=True (and potentially also rotate it), discard the temporary PDF page and use the pixmap with insert_image() for your target PDF.

add_widget(widget)#

PDF only: Add a PDF Form field (“widget”) to a page. This also turns the PDF into a Form PDF. Because of the large amount of different options available for widgets, we have developed a new class Widget, which contains the possible PDF field attributes. It must be used for both, form field creation and updates.

Parameters:: widget (Widget) – a Widget object which must have been created upfront.
Returns:: a widget annotation.

delete_annot(annot)#

The removal will now include any bound ‘Popup’ or response annotations and related objects (changed in v1.16.6).

PDF only: Delete annotation from the page and return the next one.

Parameters:: annot (Annot) – the annotation to be deleted.
Return type:: Annot
Returns:: the annotation following the deleted one. Please remember that physical removal requires saving to a new file with garbage > 0.

delete_widget(widget)#

PDF only: Delete field from the page and return the next one.

Parameters:: widget (Widget) – the widget to be deleted.
Return type:: Widget
Returns:: the widget following the deleted one. Please remember that physical removal requires saving to a new file with garbage > 0.

Show/hide history

(New in v1.18.4)

delete_link(linkdict)#

PDF only: Delete the specified link from the page. The parameter must be an original item of get_links(), see Description of get_links() Entries. The reason for this is the dictionary’s “xref” key, which identifies the PDF object to be deleted.

Parameters:: linkdict (dict) – the link to be deleted.

insert_link(linkdict)#

PDF only: Insert a new link on this page. The parameter must be a dictionary of format as provided by get_links(), see Description of get_links() Entries.

Parameters:: linkdict (dict) – the link to be inserted.

update_link(linkdict)#

PDF only: Modify the specified link. The parameter must be a (modified) original item of get_links(), see Description of get_links() Entries. The reason for this is the dictionary’s “xref” key, which identifies the PDF object to be changed.

Parameters:: linkdict (dict) – the link to be modified.

Warning

If updating / inserting a URI link ("kind": LINK_URI), please make sure to start the value for the "uri" key with a disambiguating string like "http://", "https://", "file://", "ftp://", "mailto:", etc. Otherwise – depending on your browser or other “consumer” software – unexpected default assumptions may lead to unwanted behaviours.

get_label()#

PDF only: Return the label for the page.

Return type:: str
Returns:: the label string like “vii” for Roman numbering or “” if not defined.

Show/hide history

New in v1.18.6

get_links()#

Retrieves all links of a page.

Return type:: list
Returns:: A list of dictionaries. For a description of the dictionary entries, see Description of get_links() Entries. Always use this or the Page.links() method if you intend to make changes to the links of a page.

links(kinds=None)#

Return a generator over the page’s links. The results equal the entries of Page.get_links().

Parameters:: kinds (sequence) – a sequence of integers to down-select to one or more link kinds. Default is all links. Example: kinds=(fitz.LINK_GOTO,) will only return internal links.
Return type:: generator
Returns:: an entry of Page.get_links() for each iteration.

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.4

annots(types=None)#

Return a generator over the page’s annotations.

Parameters:

types (sequence) – a sequence of integers to down-select to one or more annotation types. Default is all annotations. Example: types=(fitz.PDF_ANNOT_FREETEXT, fitz.PDF_ANNOT_TEXT) will only return ‘FreeText’ and ‘Text’ annotations.

Return type:

generator

Returns:

an Annot for each iteration.

Caution

You cannot safely update annotations from within this generator. This is because most annotation updates require reloading the page via page = doc.reload_page(page). To circumvent this restriction, make a list of annotations xref numbers first and then iterate over these numbers:

In [4]: xrefs = [annot.xref for annot in page.annots(types=[...])]
In [5]: for xref in xrefs:
   ...:     annot = page.load_annot(xref)
   ...:     annot.update()
   ...:     page = doc.reload_page(page)
In [6]:

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.4

widgets(types=None)#

Return a generator over the page’s form fields.

Parameters:: types (sequence) – a sequence of integers to down-select to one or more widget types. Default is all form fields. Example: types=(fitz.PDF_WIDGET_TYPE_TEXT,) will only return ‘Text’ fields.
Return type:: generator
Returns:: a Widget for each iteration.

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.4

write_text(rect=None, writers=None, overlay=True, color=None, opacity=None, keep_proportion=True, rotate=0, oc=0)#

PDF only: Write the text of one or more TextWriter objects to the page.

Parameters:

rect (rect_like) – where to place the text. If omitted, the rectangle union of the text writers is used.
writers (sequence) – a non-empty tuple / list of TextWriter objects or a single TextWriter.
opacity (float) – set transparency, overwrites resp. value in the text writers.
color (sequ) – set the text color, overwrites resp. value in the text writers.
overlay (bool) – put the text in foreground or background.
keep_proportion (bool) – maintain the aspect ratio.
rotate (float) – rotate the text by an arbitrary angle.
oc (int) – the xref of an OCG or OCMD. (New in v1.18.4)

Note

Parameters overlay, keep_proportion, rotate and oc have the same meaning as in Page.show_pdf_page().

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.18

insert_text(point, text, fontsize=11, fontname='helv', fontfile=None, idx=0, color=None, fill=None, render_mode=0, border_width=1, encoding=TEXT_ENCODING_LATIN, rotate=0, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, overlay=True, oc=0)#

PDF only: Insert text starting at point_like point. See Shape.insert_text().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

insert_textbox(rect, buffer, fontsize=11, fontname='helv', fontfile=None, idx=0, color=None, fill=None, render_mode=0, border_width=1, encoding=TEXT_ENCODING_LATIN, expandtabs=8, align=TEXT_ALIGN_LEFT, charwidths=None, rotate=0, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0, overlay=True)#

PDF only: Insert text into the specified rect_like rect. See Shape.insert_textbox().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

insert_htmlbox(rect, text, *, css=None, scale_low=0, archive=None, rotate=0, oc=0, opacity=1, overlay=True)#

PDF only: Insert text into the specified rectangle. The method has similarities with methods Page.insert_textbox() and TextWriter.fill_textbox(), but is much more powerful. This is achieved by letting a Story object do all the required processing.

Parameter text may be a string as in the other methods. But it will be interpreted as HTML source and may therefore also contain HTML language elements – including styling. The css parameter may be used to pass in additional styling instructions.
Automatic line breaks are generated at word boundaries. The “soft hyphen” character "" (or ) can be used to cause hyphenation and thus may also cause line breaks. Forced line breaks however are only achievable via the HTML tag <br> - "\n" is ignored and will be treated like a space.
With this method the following can be achieved:
- Styling effects like bold, italic, text color, text alignment, font size or font switching.
- The text may include arbitrary languages – including right-to-left languages.
- Scripts like Devanagari and several others in Asia have a highly complex system of ligatures, where two or more unicodes together yield one glyph. The Story uses the software package HarfBuzz , to deal with these things and produce correct output.
- One can also include images via HTML tag <img> – the Story will take care of the appropriate layout. This is an alternative option to insert images, compared to Page.insert_image().
- HTML tables (tag <table>) may be included in the text and will be handled appropriately.
- Links are automatically generated when present.
If content does not fit in the rectangle, the developer has two choices:
- either only be informed about this (and accept a no-op, just like with the other textbox insertion methods),
- or (scale_low=0 - the default) scale down the content until it fits.

Parameters:

rect (rect_like) – rectangle on page to receive the text.
text (str,Story) – the text to be written. Can contain a mixture of plain text and HTML tags with styling instructions. Alternatively, a Story object may be specified (in which case the internal Story generation step will be omitted). A Story must have been generated with all required styling and Archive information.
css (str) – optional string containing additional CSS instructions. This parameter is ignored if text is a Story.
scale_low (float) – if necessary, scale down the content until it fits in the target rectangle. This sets the down scaling limit. Default is 0, no limit. A value of 1 means no down-scaling permitted. A value of e.g. 0.2 means maximum down-scaling by 80%.
archive (Archive) – an Archive object that points to locations where to find images or non-standard fonts. If text refers to images or non-standard fonts, this parameter is required. This parameter is ignored if text is a Story.
rotate (int) –
one of the values 0, 90, 180, 270. Depending on this, text will be filled:
- 0: top-left to bottom-right.
- 90: bottom-left to top-right.
- 180: bottom-right to top-left.
- 270: top-right to bottom-left.
oc (int) – the xref of an OCG / OCMD or 0. Please refer to Page.show_pdf_page() for details.
opacity (float) – set the fill and stroke opacity of the content. Only values 0 <= opacity < 1 are considered.
overlay (bool) – put the text in front of other content. Please refer to Page.show_pdf_page() for details.

Returns:

A tuple of floats (spare_height, scale).

spare_height: -1 if content did not fit, else >= 0. It is the height of the unused (still available) rectangle stripe. Positive only if scale = 1 (no down-scaling happened).
scale: down-scaling factor, 0 < scale <= 1.

Please refer to examples in this section of the recipes: How to Fill a Box with HTML Text.

Show/hide history

New in v1.23.8; rebased-only.
New in v1.23.9: opacity parameter.

Drawing Methods

draw_line(p1, p2, color=(0,), width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a line from p1 to p2 (point_like s). See Shape.draw_line().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_zigzag(p1, p2, breadth=2, color=(0,), width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a zigzag line from p1 to p2 (point_like s). See Shape.draw_zigzag().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_squiggle(p1, p2, breadth=2, color=(0,), width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a squiggly (wavy, undulated) line from p1 to p2 (point_like s). See Shape.draw_squiggle().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_circle(center, radius, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a circle around center (point_like) with a radius of radius. See Shape.draw_circle().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_oval(quad, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw an oval (ellipse) within the given rect_like or quad_like. See Shape.draw_oval().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_sector(center, point, angle, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, fullSector=True, overlay=True, closePath=False, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a circular sector, optionally connecting the arc to the circle’s center (like a piece of pie). See Shape.draw_sector().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_polyline(points, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, closePath=False, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw several connected lines defined by a sequence of point_like s. See Shape.draw_polyline().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_bezier(p1, p2, p3, p4, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, closePath=False, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a cubic Bézier curve from p1 to p4 with the control points p2 and p3 (all are point_like s). See Shape.draw_bezier().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_curve(p1, p2, p3, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, closePath=False, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: This is a special case of draw_bezier(). See Shape.draw_curve().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

draw_rect(rect, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, radius=None, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a rectangle. See Shape.draw_rect().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4
Changed in v1.22.0: Added parameter radius.

draw_quad(quad, color=(0,), fill=None, width=1, dashes=None, lineCap=0, lineJoin=0, overlay=True, morph=None, stroke_opacity=1, fill_opacity=1, oc=0)#

PDF only: Draw a quadrilateral. See Shape.draw_quad().

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.4

insert_font(fontname='helv', fontfile=None, fontbuffer=None, set_simple=False, encoding=TEXT_ENCODING_LATIN)#

PDF only: Add a new font to be used by text output methods and return its xref. If not already present in the file, the font definition will be added. Supported are the built-in Base14_Fonts and the CJK fonts via “reserved” fontnames. Fonts can also be provided as a file path or a memory area containing the image of a font file.

Parameters:

fontname (str) –
The name by which this font shall be referenced when outputting text on this page. In general, you have a “free” choice here (but consult the Adobe PDF References, page 16, section 7.3.5 for a formal description of building legal PDF names). However, if it matches one of the Base14_Fonts or one of the CJK fonts, fontfile and fontbuffer are ignored.

In other words, you cannot insert a font via fontfile / fontbuffer and also give it a reserved fontname.

Note

A reserved fontname can be specified in any mixture of upper or lower case and still match the right built-in font definition: fontnames “helv”, “Helv”, “HELV”, “Helvetica”, etc. all lead to the same font definition “Helvetica”. But from a Page perspective, these are different references. You can exploit this fact when using different encoding variants (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) of the same font on a page.
fontfile (str) – a path to a font file. If used, fontname must be different from all reserved names.
fontbuffer (bytes/bytearray) – the memory image of a font file. If used, fontname must be different from all reserved names. This parameter would typically be used with Font.buffer for fonts supported / available via Font.
set_simple (int) – applicable for fontfile / fontbuffer cases only: enforce treatment as a “simple” font, i.e. one that only uses character codes up to 255.
encoding (int) – applicable for the “Helvetica”, “Courier” and “Times” sets of Base14_Fonts only. Select one of the available encodings Latin (0), Cyrillic (2) or Greek (1). Only use the default (0 = Latin) for “Symbol” and “ZapfDingBats”.

Rytpe:

int

Returns:

the xref of the installed font.

Note

Built-in fonts will not lead to the inclusion of a font file. So the resulting PDF file will remain small. However, your PDF viewer software is responsible for generating an appropriate appearance – and there exist differences on whether or how each one of them does this. This is especially true for the CJK fonts. But also Symbol and ZapfDingbats are incorrectly handled in some cases. Following are the Font Names and their correspondingly installed Base Font names:

Base-14 Fonts [1]

Font Name	Installed Base Font	Comments
helv	Helvetica	normal
heit	Helvetica-Oblique	italic
hebo	Helvetica-Bold	bold
hebi	Helvetica-BoldOblique	bold-italic
cour	Courier	normal
coit	Courier-Oblique	italic
cobo	Courier-Bold	bold
cobi	Courier-BoldOblique	bold-italic
tiro	Times-Roman	normal
tiit	Times-Italic	italic
tibo	Times-Bold	bold
tibi	Times-BoldItalic	bold-italic
symb	Symbol	[3]
zadb	ZapfDingbats	[3]

CJK Fonts [2] (China, Japan, Korea)

Font Name	Installed Base Font	Comments
china-s	Heiti	simplified Chinese
china-ss	Song	simplified Chinese (serif)
china-t	Fangti	traditional Chinese
china-ts	Ming	traditional Chinese (serif)
japan	Gothic	Japanese
japan-s	Mincho	Japanese (serif)
korea	Dotum	Korean
korea-s	Batang	Korean (serif)

insert_image(rect, *, alpha=-1, filename=None, height=0, keep_proportion=True, mask=None, oc=0, overlay=True, pixmap=None, rotate=0, stream=None, width=0, xref=0)#

PDF only: Put an image inside the given rectangle. The image may already exist in the PDF or be taken from a pixmap, a file, or a memory area.

Parameters:

rect (rect_like) – where to put the image. Must be finite and not empty.
alpha (int) – deprecated and ignored.
filename (str) – name of an image file (all formats supported by MuPDF – see Supported Input Image Formats).
height (int) –
keep_proportion (bool) – maintain the aspect ratio of the image.
mask (bytes,bytearray,io.BytesIO) – image in memory – to be used as image mask (alpha values) for the base image. When specified, the base image must be provided as a filename or a stream – and must not be an image that already has a mask.
oc (int) – (xref) make image visibility dependent on this OCG or OCMD. Ignored after the first of multiple insertions. The property is stored with the generated PDF image object and therefore controls the image’s visibility throughout the PDF.
overlay – see Common Parameters.
pixmap (Pixmap) – a pixmap containing the image.
rotate (int) – rotate the image. Must be an integer multiple of 90 degrees. Positive values rotate anti-clockwise. If you need a rotation by an arbitrary angle, consider converting the image to a PDF (Document.convert_to_pdf()) first and then use Page.show_pdf_page() instead.
stream (bytes,bytearray,io.BytesIO) – image in memory (all formats supported by MuPDF – see Supported Input Image Formats).
width (int) –
xref (int) – the xref of an image already present in the PDF. If given, parameters filename, Pixmap, stream, alpha and mask are ignored. The page will simply receive a reference to the existing image.

Returns:

The xref of the embedded image. This can be used as the xref argument for very significant performance boosts, if the image is inserted again.

This example puts the same image on every page of a document:

>>> doc = fitz.open(...)
>>> rect = fitz.Rect(0, 0, 50, 50)       # put thumbnail in upper left corner
>>> img = open("some.jpg", "rb").read()  # an image file
>>> img_xref = 0                         # first execution embeds the image
>>> for page in doc:
      img_xref = page.insert_image(rect, stream=img,
                 xref=img_xref,  2nd time reuses existing image
          )
>>> doc.save(...)

Note

The method detects multiple insertions of the same image (like in the above example) and will store its data only on the first execution. This is even true (although less performant), if using the default xref=0.
The method cannot detect if the same image had already been part of the file before opening it.
You can use this method to provide a background or foreground image for the page, like a copyright or a watermark. Please remember, that watermarks require a transparent image if put in foreground …
The image may be inserted uncompressed, e.g. if a Pixmap is used or if the image has an alpha channel. Therefore, consider using deflate=True when saving the file. In addition, there are ways to control the image size – even if transparency comes into play. Have a look at How to Add Images to a PDF Page.
The image is stored in the PDF at its original quality level. This may be much better than what you need for your display. Consider decreasing the image size before insertion – e.g. by using the pixmap option and then shrinking it or scaling it down (see Pixmap chapter). The PIL method Image.thumbnail() can also be used for that purpose. The file size savings can be very significant.
Another efficient way to display the same image on multiple pages is another method: show_pdf_page(). Consult Document.convert_to_pdf() for how to obtain intermediary PDFs usable for that method.

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.14.1: By default, the image keeps its aspect ratio.
Changed in v1.14.11: Added args keep_proportion, rotate.
Changed in v1.14.13:
- The image is now always placed centered in the rectangle, i.e. the centers of image and rectangle are equal.
- Added support for stream as io.BytesIO.
Changed in v1.17.6: Insertion rectangle no longer needs to have a non-empty intersection with the page’s Page.cropbox [5].
Changed in v1.18.1: Added mask arg.
Changed in v1.18.3: Added oc arg.
Changed in v1.18.13:
- Allow providing the image as the xref of an existing one.
- Added xref arg.
- Return xref of stored image.
Changed in v1.19.3: deprecate and ignore alpha arg.

replace_image(xref, filename=None, pixmap=None, stream=None)#

Replace the image at xref with another one.

Parameters:

xref (int) – the xref of the image.
filename – the filename of the new image.
pixmap – the Pixmap of the new image.
stream – the memory area containing the new image.

Arguments filename, Pixmap, stream have the same meaning as in Page.insert_image(), especially exactly one of these must be provided.

This is a global replacement: the new image will also be shown wherever the old one has been displayed throughout the file.

This method mainly exists for technical purposes. Typical uses include replacing large images by smaller versions, like a lower resolution, graylevel instead of colored, etc., or changing transparency.

Show/hide history

New in v1.21.0

delete_image(xref)#

Delete the image at xref. This is slightly misleading: actually the image is being replaced with a small transparent Pixmap using above Page.replace_image(). The visible effect however is equivalent.

Parameters:: xref (int) – the xref of the image.

This is a global replacement: the image will disappear wherever the old one has been displayed throughout the file.

If you inspect / extract a page’s images by methods like Page.get_images(), Page.get_image_info() or Page.get_text(), the replacing “dummy” image will be detected like so (45, 47, 1, 1, 8, 'DeviceGray', '', 'Im1', 'FlateDecode') and also seem to “cover” the same boundary box on the page.

Show/hide history

New in v1.21.0

get_text(option, *, clip=None, flags=None, textpage=None, sort=False, delimiters=None)#

Retrieves the content of a page in a variety of formats. This is a wrapper for multiple TextPage methods by choosing the output option opt as follows:

“text” – TextPage.extractTEXT(), default
“blocks” – TextPage.extractBLOCKS()
“words” – TextPage.extractWORDS()
“html” – TextPage.extractHTML()
“xhtml” – TextPage.extractXHTML()
“xml” – TextPage.extractXML()
“dict” – TextPage.extractDICT()
“json” – TextPage.extractJSON()
“rawdict” – TextPage.extractRAWDICT()
“rawjson” – TextPage.extractRAWJSON()

Parameters:

opt (str) –
A string indicating the requested format, one of the above. A mixture of upper and lower case is supported.

Values “words” and “blocks” are also accepted (changed in v1.16.3).
clip (rect-like) – restrict extracted text to this rectangle. If None, the full page is taken. Has no effect for options “html”, “xhtml” and “xml”. (New in v1.17.7)
flags (int) – indicator bits to control whether to include images or how text should be handled with respect to white spaces and ligatures. See Text Extraction Flags for available indicators and Text Extraction Flags Defaults for default settings. (New in v1.16.2)
textpage – use a previously created TextPage. This reduces execution time very significantly: by more than 50% and up to 95%, depending on the extraction option. If specified, the ‘flags’ and ‘clip’ arguments are ignored, because they are textpage-only properties. If omitted, a new, temporary textpage will be created. (New in v1.19.0)
sort (bool) – sort the output by vertical, then horizontal coordinates. In many cases, this should suffice to generate a “natural” reading order. Has no effect on (X)HTML and XML. Output option “words” sorts by (y1, x0) of the words’ bboxes. Similar is true for “blocks”, “dict”, “json”, “rawdict”, “rawjson”: they all are sorted by (y1, x0) of the resp. block bbox. If specified for “text”, then internally “blocks” is used. (New in v1.19.1)
delimiters (str) – use these characters as additional word separators with the “words” output option (ignored otherwise). By default, all white spaces (including non-breaking space 0xA0) indicate start and end of a word. Now you can specify more characters causing this. For instance, the default will return "john.doe@outlook.com" as one word. If you specify delimiters="@." then the four words "john", "doe", "outlook", "com" will be returned. Other possible uses include ignoring punctuation characters delimiters=string.punctuation. The “word” strings will not contain any delimiting character. (New in v1.23.5)

Return type:

str, list, dict

Returns:

The page’s content as a string, a list or a dictionary. Refer to the corresponding TextPage method for details.

Note

You can use this method as a document conversion tool from any supported document type to one of TEXT, HTML, XHTML or XML documents.
The inclusion of text via the clip parameter is decided on a by-character level: a character becomes part of the output, if its bbox is contained in clip (changed in v1.18.2). This deviates from the algorithm used in redaction annotations: a character will be removed if its bbox intersects any redaction annotation.

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.19.0: added TextPage parameter
Changed in v1.19.1: added sort parameter
Changed in v1.19.6: added new constants for defining default flags per method.
Changed in v1.23.5: added delimiters parameter

get_textbox(rect, textpage=None)#

Retrieve the text contained in a rectangle.

Parameters:

rect (rect-like) – rect-like.
textpage – a TextPage to use. If omitted, a new, temporary textpage will be created.

Returns:

a string with interspersed linebreaks where necessary. It is based on dedicated code (changed in v1.19.0). A tyical use is checking the result of Page.search_for():

>>> rl = page.search_for("currency:")
>>> page.get_textbox(rl[0])
'Currency:'
>>>

Show/hide history

New in v1.17.7
Changed in v1.19.0: add TextPage parameter

get_textpage(clip=None, flags=3)#

Create a TextPage for the page.

Parameters:

flags (int) – indicator bits controlling the content available for subsequent text extractions and searches – see the parameter of Page.get_text().
clip (rect-like) – restrict extracted text to this area. (New in v1.17.7)

Returns:

TextPage

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.5
Changed in v1.17.7: introduced clip parameter.

get_textpage_ocr(flags=3, language='eng', dpi=72, full=False, tessdata=None)#

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology can be used to extract text data for documents where text is in a raster image format throughout the page. Use this method to OCR a page for text extraction.

This method returns a TextPage for the page that includes OCRed text. MuPDF will invoke Tesseract-OCR if this method is used. Otherwise this is a normal TextPage object.

Parameters:

flags (int) – indicator bits controlling the content available for subsequent test extractions and searches – see the parameter of Page.get_text().
language (str) – the expected language(s). Use “+”-separated values if multiple languages are expected, “eng+spa” for English and Spanish.
dpi (int) – the desired resolution in dots per inch. Influences recognition quality (and execution time).
full (bool) – whether to OCR the full page, or just the displayed images.
tessdata (str) – The name of Tesseract’s language support folder tessdata. If omitted, this information must be present as environment variable TESSDATA_PREFIX. Can be determined by function get_tessdata().

Note

This method does not support a clip parameter – OCR will always happen for the complete page rectangle.

Returns:

a TextPage. Execution may be significantly longer than Page.get_textpage().

For a full page OCR, all text will have the font “GlyphlessFont” from Tesseract. In case of partial OCR, normal text will keep its properties, and only text coming from images will have the GlyphlessFont.

Note

OCRed text is only available to PyMuPDF’s text extractions and searches if their TextPage parameter specifies the output of this method.

This Jupyter notebook walks through an example for using OCR textpages.

Show/hide history

New in v.1.19.0
Changed in v1.19.1: support full and partial OCRing a page.

get_drawings(extended=False)#

Return the vector graphics of the page. These are instructions which draw lines, rectangles, quadruples or curves, including properties like colors, transparency, line width and dashing, etc. Alternative terms are “line art” and “drawings”.

Returns:: a list of dictionaries. Each dictionary item contains one or more single draw commands belonging together: they have the same properties (colors, dashing, etc.). This is called a “path” in PDF, so we adopted that name here, but the method works for all document types.

The path dictionary for fill, stroke and fill-stroke paths has been designed to be compatible with class Shape. There are the following keys:

Key	Value
closePath	Same as the parameter in Shape.
color	Stroke color (see Shape).
dashes	Dashed line specification (see Shape).
even_odd	Fill colors of area overlaps – same as the parameter in Shape.
fill	Fill color (see Shape).
items	List of draw commands: lines, rectangles, quads or curves.
lineCap	Number 3-tuple, use its max value on output with Shape.
lineJoin	Same as the parameter in Shape.
fill_opacity	fill color transparency (see Shape). (New in v1.18.17)
stroke_opacity	stroke color transparency (see Shape). (New in v1.18.17)
rect	Page area covered by this path. Information only.
layer	name of applicable Optional Content Group. (New in v1.22.0)
level	the hierarchy level if `extended=True`. (New in v1.22.0)
seqno	command number when building page appearance. (New in v1.19.0)
type	type of this path. (New in v1.18.17)
width	Stroke line width. (see Shape).

Key "opacity" has been replaced by the new keys "fill_opacity" and "stroke_opacity". This is now compatible with the corresponding parameters of Shape.finish(). (Changed in v1.18.17)

For paths other than groups or clips, key "type" takes one of the following values:

“f” – this is a fill-only path. Only key-values relevant for this operation have a meaning, not applicable ones are present with a value of None: "color", "lineCap", "lineJoin", "width", "closePath", "dashes" and should be ignored.
“s” – this is a stroke-only path. Similar to previous, key "fill" is present with value None.
“fs” – this is a path performing combined fill and stroke operations.

Each item in path["items"] is one of the following:

("l", p1, p2) - a line from p1 to p2 (Point objects).
("c", p1, p2, p3, p4) - cubic Bézier curve from p1 to p4 (p2 and p3 are the control points). All objects are of type Point.
("re", rect, orientation) - a Rect. Multiple rectangles within the same path are now detected (changed in v1.18.17). Integer orientation is 1 resp. -1 indicating whether the enclosed area is rotated left (1 = anti-clockwise), or resp. right [7] (changed in v1.19.2).
("qu", quad) - a Quad. 3 or 4 consecutive lines are detected to actually represent a Quad (changed in v1.19.2:). (New in v1.18.17)

Using class Shape, you should be able to recreate the original drawings on a separate (PDF) page with high fidelity under normal, not too sophisticated circumstances. Please see the following comments on restrictions. A coding draft can be found in section “Extractings Drawings” of chapter FAQ.

Specifying extended=True significantly alters the output. Most importantly, new dictionary types are present: “clip” and “group”. All paths will now be organized in a hierarchic structure which is encoded by the new integer key “level”, the hierarchy level. Each group or clip establishes a new hierarchy, which applies to all subsequent paths having a larger level value. (New in v1.22.0)

Any path with a smaller level value than its predecessor will end the scope of (at least) the preceeding hierarchy level. A “clip” path with the same level as the preceding clip will end the scope of that clip. Same is true for groups. This is best explained by an example:

+------+------+--------+------+--------+
| line | lvl0 | lvl1   | lvl2 |  lvl3  |
+------+------+--------+------+--------+
|  0   | clip |        |      |        |
|  1   |      | fill   |      |        |
|  2   |      | group  |      |        |
|  3   |      |        | clip |        |
|  4   |      |        |      | stroke |
|  5   |      |        | fill |        |  ends scope of clip in line 3
|  6   |      | stroke |      |        |  ends scope of group in line 2
|  7   |      | clip   |      |        |
|  8   | fill |        |      |        |  ends scope of line 0
+------+------+--------+------+--------+

The clip in line 0 applies to line including line 7. Group in line 2 applies to lines 3 to 5, clip in line 3 only applies to line 4.

“stroke” in line 4 is under control of “group” in line 2 and “clip” in line 3 (which in turn is a subset of line 0 clip).

“clip” dictionary. Its values (most importantly “scissor”) remain valid / apply as long as following dictionaries have a larger “level” value.

Key	Value
closePath	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
even_odd	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
items	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
rect	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
layer	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
level	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
scissor	the clip rectangle
type	“clip”

“group” dictionary. Its values remain valid (apply) as long as following dictionaries have a larger “level” value. Any dictionary with an equal or lower level end this group.

Key	Value
rect	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
layer	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
level	Same as in “stroke” or “fill” dictionaries
isolated	(bool) Whether this group is isolated
knockout	(bool) Whether this is a “Knockout Group”
blendmode	Name of the BlendMode, default is “Normal”
opacity	Float value in range [0, 1].
type	“group”

Note

The method is based on the output of Page.get_cdrawings() – which is much faster, but requires somewhat more attention processing its output.

Show/hide history

New in v1.18.0
Changed in v1.18.17
Changed in v1.19.0: add “seqno” key, remove “clippings” key
Changed in v1.19.1: “color” / “fill” keys now always are either are RGB tuples or None. This resolves issues caused by exotic colorspaces.
Changed in v1.19.2: add an indicator for the “orientation” of the area covered by an “re” item.
Changed in v1.22.0: add new key "layer" which contains the name of the Optional Content Group of the path (or None).
Changed in v1.22.0: add parameter extended to also return clipping and group paths.

get_cdrawings(extended=False)#

Extract the vector graphics on the page. Apart from following technical differences, functionally equivalent to Page.get_drawings(), but much faster:

Every path type only contains the relevant keys, e.g. a stroke path has no "fill" color key. See comment in method Page.get_drawings().
Coordinates are given as point_like, rect_like and quad_like tuples – not as Point, Rect, Quad objects.

If performance is a concern, consider using this method: Compared to versions earlier than 1.18.17, you should see much shorter response times. We have seen pages that required 2 seconds then, now only need 200 ms with this method.

Show/hide history

New in v1.18.17
Changed in v1.19.0: removed “clippings” key, added “seqno” key.
Changed in v1.19.1: always generate RGB color tuples.
Changed in v1.22.0: added new key "layer" which contains the name of the Optional Content Group of the path (or None).
Changed in v1.22.0: added parameter extended to also return clipping paths.

get_fonts(full=False)#: PDF only: Return a list of fonts referenced by the page. Wrapper for Document.get_page_fonts().

get_images(full=False)#: PDF only: Return a list of images referenced by the page. Wrapper for Document.get_page_images().

get_image_info(hashes=False, xrefs=False)#

Return a list of meta information dictionaries for all images shown on the page. This works for all document types. Technically, this is a subset of the dictionary output of Page.get_text(): the image binary content and any text on the page are ignored.

Parameters:

hashes (bool) – Compute the MD5 hashcode for each encountered image, which allows identifying image duplicates. This adds the key "digest" to the output, whose value is a 16 byte bytes object. (New in v1.18.13)
xrefs (bool) – PDF only. Try to find the xref for each image. Implies hashes=True. Adds the "xref" key to the dictionary. If not found, the value is 0, which means, the image is either “inline” or otherwise undetectable. Please note that this option has an extended response time, because the MD5 hashcode will be computed at least two times for each image with an xref. (New in v1.18.13)

Return type:

list[dict]

Returns:

A list of dictionaries. This includes information for exactly those images, that are shown on the page – including “inline images”. In contrast to images included in Page.get_text(), image binary content is not loaded, which drastically reduces memory usage. The dictionary layout is similar to that of image blocks in page.get_text("dict").

Key	Value
number	block number (int)
bbox	image bbox on page, `rect_like`
width	original image width (int)
height	original image height (int)
cs-name	colorspace name (str)
colorspace	colorspace.n (int)
xres	resolution in x-direction (int)
yres	resolution in y-direction (int)
bpc	bits per component (int)
size	storage occupied by image (int)
digest	MD5 hashcode (bytes), if hashes is true
xref	image `xref` or 0, if xrefs is true
transform	matrix transforming image rect to bbox, `matrix_like`

Multiple occurrences of the same image are always reported. You can detect duplicates by comparing their digest values.

Show/hide history

New in v1.18.11
Changed in v1.18.13: added image MD5 hashcode computation and xref search.

get_xobjects()#: PDF only: Return a list of Form XObjects referenced by the page. Wrapper for Document.get_page_xobjects().

get_image_rects(item, transform=False)#

PDF only: Return boundary boxes and transformation matrices of an embedded image. This is an improved version of Page.get_image_bbox() with the following differences:

There is no restriction on how the image is invoked (by the page or one of its Form XObjects). The result is always complete and correct.
The result is a list of Rect or (Rect, Matrix) objects – depending on transform. Each list item represents one location of the image on the page. Multiple occurrences might not be detectable by Page.get_image_bbox().
The method invokes Page.get_image_info() with xrefs=True and therefore has a noticeably longer response time than Page.get_image_bbox().

Parameters:

item (list,str,int) – an item of the list Page.get_images(), or the reference name entry of such an item (item[7]), or the image xref.
transform (bool) – also return the matrix used to transform the image rectangle to the bbox on the page. If true, then tuples (bbox, matrix) are returned.

Return type:

list

Returns:

Boundary boxes and respective transformation matrices for each image occurrence on the page. If the item is not on the page, an empty list [] is returned.

Show/hide history

New in v1.18.13

get_image_bbox(item, transform=False)#

PDF only: Return boundary box and transformation matrix of an embedded image.

Parameters:

item (list,str) – an item of the list Page.get_images() with full=True specified, or the reference name entry of such an item, which is item[-3] (or item[7] respectively).
transform (bool) – return the matrix used to transform the image rectangle to the bbox on the page (new in v1.18.11). Default is just the bbox. If true, then a tuple (bbox, matrix) is returned.

Return type:

Rect or (Rect, Matrix)

Returns:

the boundary box of the image – optionally also its transformation matrix.

Show/hide history

(Changed in v1.16.7): If the page in fact does not display this image, an infinite rectangle is returned now. In previous versions, an exception was raised. Formally invalid parameters still raise exceptions.
(Changed in v1.17.0): Only images referenced directly by the page are considered. This means that images occurring in embedded PDF pages are ignored and an exception is raised.
(Changed in v1.18.5): Removed the restriction introduced in v1.17.0: any item of the page’s image list may be specified.
(Changed in v1.18.11): Partially re-instated a restriction: only those images are considered, that are either directly referenced by the page or by a Form XObject directly referenced by the page.
(Changed in v1.18.11): Optionally also return the transformation matrix together with the bbox as the tuple (bbox, transform).

Note

Be aware that Page.get_images() may contain “dead” entries i.e. images, which the page does not display. This is no error, but intended by the PDF creator. No exception will be raised in this case, but an infinite rectangle is returned. You can avoid this from happening by executing Page.clean_contents() before this method.
The image’s “transformation matrix” is defined as the matrix, for which the expression bbox / transform == fitz.Rect(0, 0, 1, 1) is true, lookup details here: Image Transformation Matrix.

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.11: return image transformation matrix

get_svg_image(matrix=fitz.Identity, text_as_path=True)#

Create an SVG image from the page. Only full page images are currently supported.

Parameters:

matrix (matrix_like) – a matrix, default is Identity.
text_as_path (bool) – – controls how text is represented. True outputs each character as a series of elementary draw commands, which leads to a more precise text display in browsers, but a very much larger output for text-oriented pages. Display quality for False relies on the presence of the referenced fonts on the current system. For missing fonts, the internet browser will fall back to some default – leading to unpleasant appearances. Choose False if you want to parse the text of the SVG. (New in v1.17.5)

Returns:

a UTF-8 encoded string that contains the image. Because SVG has XML syntax it can be saved in a text file, the standard extension is .svg.

Note

In case of a PDF, you can circumvent the “full page image only” restriction by modifying the page’s CropBox before using the method.

get_pixmap(*, matrix=fitz.Identity, dpi=None, colorspace=fitz.csRGB, clip=None, alpha=False, annots=True)#

Create a pixmap from the page. This is probably the most often used method to create a Pixmap.

All parameters are keyword-only.

Parameters:

matrix (matrix_like) – default is Identity.
dpi (int) – desired resolution in x and y direction. If not None, the "matrix" parameter is ignored. (New in v1.19.2)
colorspace (str or Colorspace) – The desired colorspace, one of “GRAY”, “RGB” or “CMYK” (case insensitive). Or specify a Colorspace, ie. one of the predefined ones: csGRAY, csRGB or csCMYK.
clip (irect_like) – restrict rendering to the intersection of this area with the page’s rectangle.
alpha (bool) –
whether to add an alpha channel. Always accept the default False if you do not really need transparency. This will save a lot of memory (25% in case of RGB … and pixmaps are typically large!), and also processing time. Also note an important difference in how the image will be rendered: with True the pixmap’s samples area will be pre-cleared with 0x00. This results in transparent areas where the page is empty. With False the pixmap’s samples will be pre-cleared with 0xff. This results in white where the page has nothing to show.
Show/hide history
Changed in v1.14.17
The default alpha value is now False.

Generated with alpha=True

Generated with alpha=False
annots (bool) – (new in version 1.16.0) whether to also render annotations or to suppress them. You can create pixmaps for annotations separately.

Return type:

Pixmap

Returns:

Pixmap of the page. For fine-controlling the generated image, the by far most important parameter is matrix. E.g. you can increase or decrease the image resolution by using Matrix(xzoom, yzoom). If zoom > 1, you will get a higher resolution: zoom=2 will double the number of pixels in that direction and thus generate a 2 times larger image. Non-positive values will flip horizontally, resp. vertically. Similarly, matrices also let you rotate or shear, and you can combine effects via e.g. matrix multiplication. See the Matrix section to learn more.

Note

The pixmap will have “premultiplied” pixels if alpha=True. To learn about some background, e.g. look for “Premultiplied alpha” here.

The method will respect any page rotation and will not exceed the intersection of clip and Page.cropbox. If you need the page’s mediabox (and if this is a different rectangle), you can use a snippet like the following to achieve this:

In [1]: import fitz
In [2]: doc=fitz.open("demo1.pdf")
In [3]: page=doc[0]
In [4]: rotation = page.rotation
In [5]: cropbox = page.cropbox
In [6]: page.set_cropbox(page.mediabox)
In [7]: page.set_rotation(0)
In [8]: pix = page.get_pixmap()
In [9]: page.set_cropbox(cropbox)
In [10]: if rotation != 0:
   ...:     page.set_rotation(rotation)
   ...:
In [11]:

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.19.2: added support of parameter dpi.

annot_names()#

PDF only: return a list of the names of annotations, widgets and links. Technically, these are the /NM values of every PDF object found in the page’s /Annots array.

Return type:: list

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.10

annot_xrefs()#

PDF only: return a list of the :data`xref` numbers of annotations, widgets and links – technically of all entries found in the page’s /Annots array.

Return type:: list
Returns:: a list of items (xref, type) where type is the annotation type. Use the type to tell apart links, fields and annotations, see Annotation Types.

Show/hide history

New in v1.17.1

load_annot(ident)#

PDF only: return the annotation identified by ident. This may be its unique name (PDF /NM key), or its xref.

Parameters:: ident (str,int) – the annotation name or xref.
Return type:: Annot
Returns:: the annotation or None.

Note

Methods Page.annot_names(), Page.annot_xrefs() provide lists of names or xrefs, respectively, from where an item may be picked and loaded via this method.

Show/hide history

New in v1.17.1

load_widget(xref)#

PDF only: return the field identified by xref.

Parameters:: xref (int) – the field’s xref.
Return type:: Widget
Returns:: the field or None.

Note

This is similar to the analogous method Page.load_annot() – except that here only the xref is supported as identifier.

Show/hide history

New in v1.19.6

load_links()#

Return the first link on a page. Synonym of property first_link.

Return type:: Link
Returns:: first link on the page (or None).

set_rotation(rotate)#

PDF only: Set the rotation of the page.

Parameters:: rotate (int) – An integer specifying the required rotation in degrees. Must be an integer multiple of 90. Values will be converted to one of 0, 90, 180, 270.

remove_rotation()#

PDF only: Set page rotation to 0 while maintaining appearance and page content.

Returns:

The inverted matrix used to achieve this change. If the page was not rotated (rotation 0), Identity is returned. The method automatically recomputes the rectangles of any annotations, links and widgets present on the page.

This method may come in handy when e.g. used with Page.show_pdf_page().

show_pdf_page(rect, docsrc, pno=0, keep_proportion=True, overlay=True, oc=0, rotate=0, clip=None)#

PDF only: Display a page of another PDF as a vector image (otherwise similar to Page.insert_image()). This is a multi-purpose method. For example, you can use it to

create “n-up” versions of existing PDF files, combining several input pages into one output page (see example combine.py),
create “posterized” PDF files, i.e. every input page is split up in parts which each create a separate output page (see posterize.py),
include PDF-based vector images like company logos, watermarks, etc., see svg-logo.py, which puts an SVG-based logo on each page (requires additional packages to deal with SVG-to-PDF conversions).

Parameters:

rect (rect_like) – where to place the image on current page. Must be finite and its intersection with the page must not be empty.
docsrc (Document) – source PDF document containing the page. Must be a different document object, but may be the same file.
pno (int) – page number (0-based, in -∞ < pno < docsrc.page_count) to be shown.
keep_proportion (bool) – whether to maintain the width-height-ratio (default). If false, all 4 corners are always positioned on the border of the target rectangle – whatever the rotation value. In general, this will deliver distorted and /or non-rectangular images.
overlay (bool) – put image in foreground (default) or background.
oc (int) – (xref) make visibility dependent on this OCG / OCMD (which must be defined in the target PDF) [9]. (New in v1.18.3)
rotate (float) – show the source rectangle rotated by some angle. Any angle is supported (changed in v1.14.11). (New in v1.14.10)
clip (rect_like) – choose which part of the source page to show. Default is the full page, else must be finite and its intersection with the source page must not be empty.

Note

In contrast to method Document.insert_pdf(), this method does not copy annotations, widgets or links, so these are not included in the target [6]. But all its other resources (text, images, fonts, etc.) will be imported into the current PDF. They will therefore appear in text extractions and in get_fonts() and get_images() lists – even if they are not contained in the visible area given by clip.

Example: Show the same source page, rotated by 90 and by -90 degrees:

>>> doc = fitz.open()  # new empty PDF
>>> page=doc.new_page()  # new page in A4 format
>>>
>>> # upper half page
>>> r1 = fitz.Rect(0, 0, page.rect.width, page.rect.height/2)
>>>
>>> # lower half page
>>> r2 = r1 + (0, page.rect.height/2, 0, page.rect.height/2)
>>>
>>> src = fitz.open("PyMuPDF.pdf")  # show page 0 of this
>>>
>>> page.show_pdf_page(r1, src, 0, rotate=90)
>>> page.show_pdf_page(r2, src, 0, rotate=-90)
>>> doc.save("show.pdf")

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.14.11: Parameter reuse_xref has been deprecated. Position the source rectangle centered in target rectangle. Any rotation angle is now supported.
Changed in v1.18.3: New parameter oc.

new_shape()#

PDF only: Create a new Shape object for the page.

Return type:: Shape
Returns:: a new Shape to use for compound drawings. See description there.

search_for(needle, *, clip=None, quads=False, flags=TEXT_DEHYPHENATE | TEXT_PRESERVE_WHITESPACE | TEXT_PRESERVE_LIGATURES | TEXT_MEDIABOX_CLIP, textpage=None)#

Search for needle on a page. Wrapper for TextPage.search().

Parameters:

needle (str) – Text to search for. May contain spaces. Upper / lower case is ignored, but only works for ASCII characters: For example, “COMPÉTENCES” will not be found if needle is “compétences” – “compÉtences” however will. Similar is true for German umlauts and the like.
clip (rect_like) – only search within this area. (New in v1.18.2)
quads (bool) – Return object type Quad instead of Rect.
flags (int) – Control the data extracted by the underlying TextPage. By default, ligatures and white spaces are kept, and hyphenation [8] is detected.
textpage – use a previously created TextPage. This reduces execution time significantly. If specified, the ‘flags’ and ‘clip’ arguments are ignored. If omitted, a temporary textpage will be created. (New in v1.19.0)

Return type:

list

Returns:

A list of Rect or Quad objects, each of which – normally! – surrounds one occurrence of needle. However: if parts of needle occur on more than one line, then a separate item is generated for each these parts. So, if needle = "search string", two rectangles may be generated.

Show/hide history

Changes in v1.18.2:

There no longer is a limit on the list length (removal of the hit_max parameter).
If a word is hyphenated at a line break, it will still be found. E.g. the needle “method” will be found even if hyphenated as “meth-od” at a line break, and two rectangles will be returned: one surrounding “meth” (without the hyphen) and another one surrounding “od”.

Note

The method supports multi-line text marker annotations: you can use the full returned list as one single parameter for creating the annotation.

Caution

There is a tricky aspect: the search logic regards contiguous multiple occurrences of needle as one: assuming needle is “abc”, and the page contains “abc” and “abcabc”, then only two rectangles will be returned, one for “abc”, and a second one for “abcabc”.
You can always use Page.get_textbox() to check what text actually is being surrounded by each rectangle.

Note

A feature repeatedly asked for is supporting regular expressions when specifying the "needle" string: There is no way to do this. If you need something in that direction, first extract text in the desired format and then subselect the result by matching with some regex pattern. Here is an example for matching words:

>>> pattern = re.compile(r"...")  # the regex pattern
>>> words = page.get_text("words")  # extract words on page
>>> matches = [w for w in words if pattern.search(w[4])]

The matches list will contain the words matching the given pattern. In the same way you can select span["text"] from the output of page.get_text("dict").

Show/hide history

Changed in v1.18.2: added clip parameter. Remove hit_max parameter. Add default “dehyphenate”.
Changed in v1.19.0: added TextPage parameter.

set_mediabox(r)#

PDF only: Change the physical page dimension by setting mediabox in the page’s object definition.

Parameters:: r (rect-like) – the new mediabox value.

Note

This method also removes the page’s other (optional) rectangles (cropbox, ArtBox, TrimBox and Bleedbox) to prevent inconsistent situations. This will cause those to assume their default values.

Caution

For non-empty pages this may have undesired effects, because the location of all content depends on this value and will therefore change position or even disappear.

Show/hide history

New in v1.16.13
Changed in v1.19.4: remove all other rectangle definitions.

set_cropbox(r)#

PDF only: change the visible part of the page.

Parameters:: r (rect_like) – the new visible area of the page. Note that this must be specified in unrotated coordinates, not empty, nor infinite and be completely contained in the Page.mediabox.

After execution (if the page is not rotated), Page.rect will equal this rectangle, but be shifted to the top-left position (0, 0) if necessary. Example session:

>>> page = doc.new_page()
>>> page.rect
fitz.Rect(0.0, 0.0, 595.0, 842.0)
>>>
>>> page.cropbox  # cropbox and mediabox still equal
fitz.Rect(0.0, 0.0, 595.0, 842.0)
>>>
>>> # now set cropbox to a part of the page
>>> page.set_cropbox(fitz.Rect(100, 100, 400, 400))
>>> # this will also change the "rect" property:
>>> page.rect
fitz.Rect(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 300.0)
>>>
>>> # but mediabox remains unaffected
>>> page.mediabox
fitz.Rect(0.0, 0.0, 595.0, 842.0)
>>>
>>> # revert CropBox change
>>> # either set it to MediaBox
>>> page.set_cropbox(page.mediabox)
>>> # or 'refresh' MediaBox: will remove all other rectangles
>>> page.set_mediabox(page.mediabox)

set_artbox(r)#

set_bleedbox(r)#

set_trimbox(r)#

PDF only: Set the resp. rectangle in the page object. For the meaning of these objects see Adobe PDF References, page 77. Parameter and restrictions are the same as for Page.set_cropbox().

Show/hide history

New in v1.19.4

rotation#

Contains the rotation of the page in degrees (always 0 for non-PDF types). This is a copy of the value in the PDF file. The PDF documentation says:

“The number of degrees by which the page should be rotated clockwise when displayed or printed. The value must be a multiple of 90. Default value: 0.”

In PyMuPDF, we make sure that this attribute is always one of 0, 90, 180 or 270.

Type:: int

cropbox_position#

Contains the top-left point of the page’s /CropBox for a PDF, otherwise Point(0, 0).

Type:: Point

cropbox#

The page’s /CropBox for a PDF. Always the unrotated page rectangle is returned. For a non-PDF this will always equal the page rectangle.

Note

In PDF, the relationship between /MediaBox, /CropBox and page rectangle may sometimes be confusing, please do lookup the glossary for MediaBox.

Type:: Rect

artbox#

bleedbox#

trimbox#

The page’s /ArtBox, /BleedBox, /TrimBox, respectively. If not provided, defaulting to Page.cropbox.

Type:: Rect

mediabox_size#

Contains the width and height of the page’s Page.mediabox for a PDF, otherwise the bottom-right coordinates of Page.rect.

Type:: Point

mediabox#

The page’s mediabox for a PDF, otherwise Page.rect.

Type:: Rect

Note

For most PDF documents and for all other document types, page.rect == page.cropbox == page.mediabox is true. However, for some PDFs the visible page is a true subset of mediabox. Also, if the page is rotated, its Page.rect may not equal Page.cropbox. In these cases the above attributes help to correctly locate page elements.

transformation_matrix#

This matrix translates coordinates from the PDF space to the MuPDF space. For example, in PDF /Rect [x0 y0 x1 y1] the pair (x0, y0) specifies the bottom-left point of the rectangle – in contrast to MuPDF’s system, where (x0, y0) specify top-left. Multiplying the PDF coordinates with this matrix will deliver the (Py-) MuPDF rectangle version. Obviously, the inverse matrix will again yield the PDF rectangle.

Type:: Matrix

rotation_matrix#

derotation_matrix#

These matrices may be used for dealing with rotated PDF pages. When adding / inserting anything to a PDF page, the coordinates of the unrotated page are always used. These matrices help translating between the two states. Example: if a page is rotated by 90 degrees – what would then be the coordinates of the top-left Point(0, 0) of an A4 page?

>>> page.set_rotation(90)  # rotate an ISO A4 page
>>> page.rect
Rect(0.0, 0.0, 842.0, 595.0)
>>> p = fitz.Point(0, 0)  # where did top-left point land?
>>> p * page.rotation_matrix
Point(842.0, 0.0)
>>>

Type:: Matrix

first_link#

Contains the first Link of a page (or None).

Type:: Link

first_annot#

Contains the first Annot of a page (or None).

Type:: Annot

first_widget#

Contains the first Widget of a page (or None).

Type:: Widget

number#

The page number.

Type:: int

parent#

The owning document object.

Type:: Document

rect#

Contains the rectangle of the page. Same as result of Page.bound().

Type:: Rect

xref#

The page’s PDF xref. Zero if not a PDF.

Type:: Rect

Description of get_links() Entries#

Each entry of the Page.get_links() list is a dictionary with the following keys:

kind: (required) an integer indicating the kind of link. This is one of LINK_NONE, LINK_GOTO, LINK_GOTOR, LINK_LAUNCH, or LINK_URI. For values and meaning of these names refer to Link Destination Kinds.
from: (required) a Rect describing the “hot spot” location on the page’s visible representation (where the cursor changes to a hand image, usually).
page: a 0-based integer indicating the destination page. Required for LINK_GOTO and LINK_GOTOR, else ignored.
to: either a fitz.Point, specifying the destination location on the provided page, default is fitz.Point(0, 0), or a symbolic (indirect) name. If an indirect name is specified, page = -1 is required and the name must be defined in the PDF in order for this to work. Required for LINK_GOTO and LINK_GOTOR, else ignored.
file: a string specifying the destination file. Required for LINK_GOTOR and LINK_LAUNCH, else ignored.
uri: a string specifying the destination internet resource. Required for LINK_URI, else ignored. You should make sure to start this string with an unambiguous substring, that classifies the subtype of the URL, like "http://", "https://", "file://", "ftp://", "mailto:", etc. Otherwise your browser will try to interpret the text and come to unwanted / unexpected conclusions about the intended URL type.
xref: an integer specifying the PDF xref of the link object. Do not change this entry in any way. Required for link deletion and update, otherwise ignored. For non-PDF documents, this entry contains -1. It is also -1 for all entries in the get_links() list, if any of the links is not supported by MuPDF - see Notes on Supporting Links.

Notes on Supporting Links#

MuPDF’s support for links has changed in v1.10a. These changes affect link types LINK_GOTO and LINK_GOTOR.

Reading (pertains to method get_links() and the first_link property chain)#

If MuPDF detects a link to another file, it will supply either a LINK_GOTOR or a LINK_LAUNCH link kind. In case of LINK_GOTOR destination details may either be given as page number (eventually including position information), or as an indirect destination.

If an indirect destination is given, then this is indicated by page = -1, and link.dest.dest will contain this name. The dictionaries in the get_links() list will contain this information as the to value.

Internal links are always of kind LINK_GOTO. If an internal link specifies an indirect destination, it will always be resolved and the resulting direct destination will be returned. Names are never returned for internal links, and undefined destinations will cause the link to be ignored.

Writing#

PyMuPDF writes (updates, inserts) links by constructing and writing the appropriate PDF object source. This makes it possible to specify indirect destinations for LINK_GOTOR and LINK_GOTO link kinds (pre PDF 1.2 file formats are not supported).

Warning

If a LINK_GOTO indirect destination specifies an undefined name, this link can later on not be found / read again with MuPDF / PyMuPDF. Other readers however will detect it, but flag it as erroneous.

Indirect LINK_GOTOR destinations can in general of course not be checked for validity and are therefore always accepted.

Example: How to insert a link pointing to another page in the same document

Determine the rectangle on the current page, where the link should be placed. This may be the bbox of an image or some text.
Determine the target page number (“pno”, 0-based) and a Point on it, where the link should be directed to.
Create a dictionary d = {"kind": fitz.LINK_GOTO, "page": pno, "from": bbox, "to": point}.
Execute page.insert_link(d).

Homologous Methods of Document and Page #

This is an overview of homologous methods on the Document and on the Page level.

Document Level	Page Level
Document.get_page_fonts(pno)	`Page.get_fonts()`
Document.get_page_images(pno)	`Page.get_images()`
Document.get_page_pixmap(pno, …)	`Page.get_pixmap()`
Document.get_page_text(pno, …)	`Page.get_text()`
Document.search_page_for(pno, …)	`Page.search_for()`

The page number “pno” is a 0-based integer -∞ < pno < page_count.

Note

Most document methods (left column) exist for convenience reasons, and are just wrappers for: Document[pno].<page method>. So they load and discard the page on each execution.

However, the first two methods work differently. They only need a page’s object definition statement - the page itself will not be loaded. So e.g. Page.get_fonts() is a wrapper the other way round and defined as follows: page.get_fonts == page.parent.get_page_fonts(page.number).

Footnotes

Do you have any feedback on this page?

This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or implied. This software is distributed under license and may not be copied, modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms of that license. Refer to licensing information at artifex.com or contact Artifex Software Inc., 39 Mesa Street, Suite 108A, San Francisco CA 94129, United States for further information.

Page#

Modifying Pages#

Redactions#

Description of get_links() Entries#

Notes on Supporting Links#

Reading (pertains to method get_links() and the first_link property chain)#

Writing#

Homologous Methods of Document and Page#

Homologous Methods of Document and Page #